When the forms of media created? When advertising first appear? Who owns the media?
Production of various forms of media
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Newspapers & Magazines ~ 1880
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Movies ~ 1910
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TV-1945
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Cable Television ~ 1980's
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satellite television, Internet, Digital Communication ~ End of 20th century
In 1920, radio was first developed, primarily for use by the military, specifically for sendingHistory Media - Old radio messages from one place to another. David Sternoff, then president of RCA, first had the idea to sell radio sets to consumers, or what were then called radio receivers. However, consumers need a reason to buy a radio, and RCA was the first to set up radio stations across the country. Between 1920 and 1922, 400 radio stations are set, starting with KBKA in Pittsburgh. Cells were also set up universities, newspapers, police, hotels and labor unions.
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Until 1923, there were 600 radio stations across the United States and 83 million worth of sets were sold.
The difference in radio before and after 1923 was that the first advertisement is heard on the radio while the 1923rd RCA at that time was composed of four companies:
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AT & T
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General Electric
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United Fruit
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Westinghouse
Great result was one of the top global corporations, and one of the first to advertise on radiju.AT & T division of RCA first thought about selling air time in the company, which marked the beginning of "toll broadcasting." WEAF was the first station to operate in this way, causing widespread anger and accusations of "pollution of the air ."
Because of this dispute, the practice of selling advertising time called "the trade name of publicity." Sponsors associated his name with a program on the air, and not advertising the product in 30-second "commercial" as we know it today.
Why AT & T decide to experiment with the filling of air time?
AT & T is not making any money from broadcasting at the time because they only made transmitters, not receivers. They just money when you buy a new radio station broadcasting equipment. They did not make money from consumers buying radio.
AT & T has also started the practice of paying artists for their time on the air, not just volunteers, which is standard practice for radio content to that point.
the first radio network
In 1926, RCA put the first radio network, NBC. They decided that a more effective and efficient in producing shows in New York and then connect the major radio stations across the country, linked by AT & T (another RCA company) phone line. (Now, television networks are linked via satellite its affiliates ).
This was the beginning of the network podružnica.Idealna network enables everyone in the country is able to listen to their signal. NBC at that time had two philosophies:
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radio content is "public service", whose function was to sell the radio.
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radio content is designed to generate revenue from advertising.
History of the media in 1927, the second network was formed. It is the Central Bureau of Statistics started by William Paley. Paley was the first that I think could make the network strictly from advertising, not even getting involved in the sale of radio. Like AT & T, CBS is not doing that. From the beginning, they made their money by selling advertising.
rising radio network caused Radio Act of 1927 be adopted, which established the FRC, or what is now known as the FCC, allocate broadcast licenses. The need for such an organization has brought out the fact that the airwaves are limited resources, a broadcast is itself a scarce public resource. Until the 1930s, the structure of the radio are set by the commercial format, although it has never dominated radio advertising as well as to televisions later.
In the 1920's and '30 's, radio programs are divided into two groups. Sponsored shows that the advertisers, and unsponsored shows, which nije.Radio station pays for unsponsored pokazuje.Pod sponsored shows, on the other hand, are created entirely financed by the company show, advertisers are completely responsible for the radio station became sadržaja.Sadržaj advertising . Radio set a precedent for television, in the same company that controls the radio went on the early control of the television.
Soon after, television inherited structure of the radio. In '40, during the rise of television, the RCA also held a monopoly on all television sets sold. By 1945-1955, advertising is all over television. Television is organized around the premise sale stvari.Cijela television industry is creating a political atmosphere of suspicion and fear. Senator Joseph McCarthy, the founder Mccarthyism, which is based on fear of communism, and Huaca (House Un-American Activities Committee, he began to question the people involved in television about their beliefs and associations.
The influence of television in its early stages?
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Politics (Mccarthyism / HUACA ).
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the black list:. From almost the beginning of television, many writers, directors and actors were considered pro-communist and / or un-American
Certain topics are completely beyond the time for television, particularly issues of race relations in 1960. Overall, the networks were not satisfied with the political situation for television in 1960, both in terms of black lists, and the fact that when every show is a sponsor, the sponsor, which controls the entire program. Networks prefer to control the program, moving to multiple sponsors / advertisers, where the network will retain control over the show, and advertisers will buy time between programming.
In the 1950's, the network has decided to eliminate the practice of the sponsors of control indicates a move to a place of sale, or commercials between programs, as we know it today. What caused the move to spot selling?
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Discovery of fraud in quizzes on TV. Quizzes are very popular at that time, and are liked by the networks, sponsors and spectators alike. It turned out, however, that the quizzes were largely fixed. Charles Van Doren in "21" has become a big star because of repeated victories, until he came out to the whole thing was fixed. In the case of "$ 64,000 Question," the owner of Revlon, has personally hand-selecting winners and losers on the show.
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became financially difficult for one advertiser to support the entire show.
At the same time came the beginning of assessment to measure the popularity of shows. Ratings, simply measure the number of people watching the show. To understand why grades are so important, it is crucial to understand how the television industry works through three questions and their answers
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Who owns the television? [Network]
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What is sold on TV? [Viewer time, not a TV show]
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Who are the customers on television? [Advertisers, not viewers]
It might be counterintuitive concept for neke.Mreže who own television areHistory media - old TV shows buyers, not sellers. On the other hand, they sell our eyes, so to speak, to advertisers. Networks want the highest possible profit from buying and selling time, to viewers during a time advertisers.
basic measures television ratings, which determine the price at the time to buy and sell, the AC Nielsen, an independent company that provides information about who watches what on television. Currently, about 4,000 households is used to represent the national television viewing. In the 1980s, only 1,200 households were used. Some households have an electronic device installed on their television that monitors what they watch, while others keep a diary viewing habits.
There are two measures for determining the show audience. One of them is a score, while the other portion.
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Rating:. Percentage of total house with a television tuned to a specific show
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Share it:. The percentage of those watching television at a specific time that is set on a Show
share is always greater than the score. Ratings are important to advertisers, and the share is more important to the network.
Example:
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Total number of households with TV sets: 150 million
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Total number of households watching television at 20:00 on Monday nights: 90 million
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Total number of households watching American Idol at 20:00 on Monday nights: 45 million
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So: 30 ratings, Share: 50
It is important to note that many factors can skew the results. Shows cost producers more than the network typically pay them for those who pokazuje.Način for producers to earn money when he arrived in the network to renew the show, to be shot at making money from posting on other channels, also known as reruns. This is the case when the individual becomes (say for example, the Miami ABC affiliate to carry Seinfeld), bought the rights to the show from the producers of that show. Shows that only last one season, for the most part, wasted millions of dollars. One of the most important factors in whether the show will be renewed or not their score.
This brings us to the assessment that may be distorted. For example, if you show a 20 share, 25 shares should be renewed for another season, what would the producers do? In principle, they need to convince up to 5% of people watching television when their show to watch their show, and it's not an easy task, as it involves convincing millions of people. However, since the assessments are based on these 4000 Nielsen households, this means that they can convince just 200 Nielsen households watch their show, which would increase the share of 20-25. That is why Nielsen households have to be totally secret from the network. When Nielsen households have leaked to the network, one of the ways that they get people to watch their show is offering viewers a small sum of money to fill out surveys about the commercial, which they said would only play for a certain show. Because they had to watch that channel and its performance was on, it would boost market share.
The ratings are down, advertising rates are set by two factors:
* the size of the audience.
* demographics (income, age, sex, occupation, etc.) audience.
In short, the business of television programs is collected as a product of our time, who then sell to advertisers. Programs are supported by advertising, providing viewers the best possible state of mind to buy when the time comes to advertising, which brings us to the golden age of television.
in the 1950s is considered the "golden age of television." During this time, something called the "Collection Series", where different actors each week participating in the show was history Media - I love Lucypopularity across the board ... that is, with all but the oglašivače.Format anthology series is not okay for advertisers, because it is covered topics that included psychological conflicts that did not leave the viewer in a proper state of mind in buying the product proved to be between program segments. Subject anthology-type series that undermines the ads, making them seem almost fraudulent.
This has led to the question you actually want to show the network executives do? The answer is not to watch a program that makes them feel good, makes them laugh, or excites them, but watch the television for some time. With so many new shows are proposed to be started deliberately or inadvertently, laid out to show what could and could not do. Risks can only be taken at the beginning and / or the end of the show. Laugh tracks were conceived to tell the audience when to laugh. The programs began to be tested with audiences before being put on television and / or radio. Show writers now have to write shows that test well.
Of course, this causes many of the same elements and themes appear in all shows. It was the beginning of recombinant television culture, where the same elements are repeated endlessly, recombined and mixed.
This same culture is what perpetuated the idea that people watch television, not specific programs. While people certainly choose to watch certain shows, instead of the other, people rarely choose to watch television instead of other things. People watch television. No matter what's on, watching television rates are extremely stable.